| Wildlife conservation produces costs and benefits for humans. Unmitigated costs and uneven distribution of benefits incurred from wild life conservation leads to conflict between people and wildlife and groups of people, threatening conservation success. Previous research has focused on visible, material impacts of wildlife conservation. However, reducing conflict will require a broader understanding of wildlife impacts on human well-being.I address this knowledge gap by studying the visible and hidden, nonmaterial impacts grizzly bears have on rural residents of Northwest Montana. My research demonstrates that the nature of impacts to people’s well-being depends on the social-ecological context in which human-grizzly interactions are situated. I show that grizzly bears visibly impact livelihoods, health, social relations, personal security,and freedom, which leads to hidden impacts including threats to cultural identity, diminished perceived livelihood sustainability, and enhanced mental, spiritual, and cultural well-being. Revealing these hidden impacts enables the development of more inclusive wildlife conservation.Key Words:Human-Wildlife Conflict, Grizzly Bears, Well-Being, Hidden Impacts |